Fuel cell - Hydrogen Motors

H2 vehicle

Fuel cell

Fuel cell A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or hydrogen-rich fuel) and oxygen to create electricity. Fuel cells are more energy-efficient than combustion engines and the hydrogen used to power them can come from a variety of sources. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel cells emit only heat and water, eliminating concerns about air pollutants or greenhouse gases.
PEM Fuel Cell One of the more common types of fuel cell is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The PEM fuel cell consists of an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between an anode (negative electrode) and a cathode (positive electrode). The PEM is a thin, solid, organic compound, typically the consistency of plastic wrap and about as thick as 2 to 7 sheets of paper. This membrane functions as an electrolyte: a substance that conducts charged ions (in this case protons), but does not conduct electrons. This allows the solution to conduct electricity. This membrane must be kept moist to conduct particles through it.
H2 and anode Hydrogen fuel (H2) is channeled to the anode, where the catalyst separates the hydrogen's negatively charged electrons from the positively charged protons
PEM The membrane allows the positively charged protons to pass through to the cathode, but not the negatively charged electrons. The negatively charged electrons must flow around the membrane through an external circuit. This flow of electrons forms an electrical current.
Cathode: At the cathode, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) combine with oxygen to form water (H20) and heat.

Membrane-type/ Feature	Polymer electrolyte	Alkalischer electrolyte	Phosphorus ä Ure	Molten carbonate	Oxide ceramic
Title	PEM	AFC	PAFC	MCFC	SOFC
Electrolyte	solid organic polymer Polyperfluorsulfonsäure (NAFION)	30-50% solution of potassium hydroxide in a matrix	concentrated phosphoric acid in a PTFE matrix	Promoter: MgO, LiAlO 2 Promoter: MgO, LiAlO ₂ Ionenleiter: Li ₂ CO ₃ , K ₂ CO ₃ , Na ₂ CO ₃ Ion leader: Li ₂ CO _3, K ₂ CO _3, Na ₂ CO ₃	ixed-doped yttrium zirconia (YSZ)
Anode material	Promoter: Carbon Catalyst: Platinum	Promoter: nickel, carbon, PTFE, NiO Catalyst: silver, platinum / palladium	Promoter: PTFE bound Carbon Catalyst: Platinum	Platinum, palladium, nickel	Ni-YSZ-Cermet
Cathode material	Promoter: Carbon Catalyst: Platinum	Promoter: carbon, PTFE, NiO Catalyst: silver, gold, platinum / palladium	Promoter: PTFE bound Carbon Catalyst: Platinum	Ag ₂ O, lithiiertes NiO	Strontium-doped Lanthanmanganat
Operating temperature	60 - 100 ° C	90 - 100 ° C	175 - 200 ° C	600 - 1000 ° C	600 - 1000 ° C
Advantages	The solid electrolyte reduces corrosion, easier manageability, low operating temperature, rapid operational readiness	very fast cathodic reaction, therefore, high performance	Hydrogen as a fuel does not have high purity, up to 85% efficiency in heat and power generation	high efficiency, greater choice of fuels and lower demands on the catalysts	the solid electrolyte reduces corrosion, easier manageability, high efficiency, greater choice of fuels and lower demands on the catalysts
Disadvantages	Low operating temperature requires powerful and expensive catalysts	Carbon dioxide from fuel must be removed completely	Platinum catalysts, low power, high weight	high temperatures cause corrosion, high demands on cell structure	high demands on cell structure
Application	Portable power generation	Military, aerospace	Power generation for transportation	Power generation in general	Power generation in general